HESI A2 Reading Comprehension Diagnostic (55 Questions)

When Dinosaurs Coughed

Centuries of research and fossil evidence have allowed us to visualize various aspects of dinosaurs, ranging from how they looked to how they acted. Thanks to a recent study that analyzed fossil remains discovered in Montana, it is possible that dinosaurs may have even caught and dealt with the annoying symptoms of the common cold, just like humans do! During an excavation, paleontologists uncovered the remains of a Diplodocid, a large herbivore with a long neck. Due to its size, this type of dinosaur breathed in air through sacs in its neck, which were directly connected to its respiratory system. The fossil remains of one such dinosaur indicated that a pathogen had infected its lungs and respiratory system. Although researchers have not yet pinpointed the exact source of the infection, one hypothesis posits that it is the Aspergillus fungus, which infects reptiles and birds to this day. No matter the origin, the study shows that the illness caused symptoms similar to a cough and increased body temperature, which are indicative of the common cold.

What is the main idea of the paragraph?

When Dinosaurs Coughed

Centuries of research and fossil evidence have allowed us to visualize various aspects of dinosaurs, ranging from how they looked to how they acted. Thanks to a recent study that analyzed fossil remains discovered in Montana, it is possible that dinosaurs may have even caught and dealt with the annoying symptoms of the common cold, just like humans do! During an excavation, paleontologists uncovered the remains of a Diplodocid, a large herbivore with a long neck. Due to its size, this type of dinosaur breathed in air through sacs in its neck, which were directly connected to its respiratory system. The fossil remains of one such dinosaur indicated that a pathogen had infected its lungs and respiratory system. Although researchers have not yet pinpointed the exact source of the infection, one hypothesis posits that it is the Aspergillus fungus, which infects reptiles and birds to this day. No matter the origin, the study shows that the illness caused symptoms similar to a cough and increased body temperature, which are indicative of the common cold.

Which of the following is true, based on the passage?

When Dinosaurs Coughed

Centuries of research and fossil evidence have allowed us to visualize various aspects of dinosaurs, ranging from how they looked to how they acted. Thanks to a recent study that analyzed fossil remains discovered in Montana, it is possible that dinosaurs may have even caught and dealt with the annoying symptoms of the common cold, just like humans do! During an excavation, paleontologists uncovered the remains of a Diplodocid, a large herbivore with a long neck. Due to its size, this type of dinosaur breathed in air through sacs in its neck, which were directly connected to its respiratory system. The fossil remains of one such dinosaur indicated that a pathogen had infected its lungs and respiratory system. Although researchers have not yet pinpointed the exact source of the infection, one hypothesis posits that it is the Aspergillus fungus, which infects reptiles and birds to this day. No matter the origin, the study shows that the illness caused symptoms similar to a cough and increased body temperature, which are indicative of the common cold.

What is the best summary of the passage?

Understanding Rare Diseases

Although rare diseases are prevalent throughout the global community, they are not given enough attention by the healthcare community. Currently, there are approximately seven thousand rare diseases affecting people all over the world, and they affect nearly thirty million Americans alone. Depending on where someone lives, the definition of a rare disease changes drastically. In the United States, for example, a disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than 200,000 people. In the European Union, however, a disease is only defined as rare if it affects fewer than one in two thousand people. The differences in the mere definition of what a rare disease is can lead to difficulties in diagnoses. Diagnosing a rare disease with certainty can be problematic due to the scarcity of information available as well as a lack of consensus within the healthcare community. Rather than dismissing a patient’s concerns because of a lack of evidence, primary care physicians should be a source of support and help alleviate their patients’ worries over healthcare issues. It is imperative that general practitioners are well-versed in the area of rare diseases so that they can help affected patients find answers and support.

What is the best summary of the passage?

Understanding Rare Diseases

Although rare diseases are prevalent throughout the global community, they are not given enough attention by the healthcare community. Currently, there are approximately seven thousand rare diseases affecting people all over the world, and they affect nearly thirty million Americans alone. Depending on where someone lives, the definition of a rare disease changes drastically. In the United States, for example, a disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than 200,000 people. In the European Union, however, a disease is only defined as rare if it affects fewer than one in two thousand people. The differences in the mere definition of what a rare disease is can lead to difficulties in diagnoses. Diagnosing a rare disease with certainty can be problematic due to the scarcity of information available as well as a lack of consensus within the healthcare community. Rather than dismissing a patient’s concerns because of a lack of evidence, primary care physicians should be a source of support and help alleviate their patients’ worries over healthcare issues. It is imperative that general practitioners are well-versed in the area of rare diseases so that they can help affected patients find answers and support.

Which of the following ideas can be inferred from the passage?

Understanding Rare Diseases

Although rare diseases are prevalent throughout the global community, they are not given enough attention by the healthcare community. Currently, there are approximately seven thousand rare diseases affecting people all over the world, and they affect nearly thirty million Americans alone. Depending on where someone lives, the definition of a rare disease changes drastically. In the United States, for example, a disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than 200,000 people. In the European Union, however, a disease is only defined as rare if it affects fewer than one in two thousand people. The differences in the mere definition of what a rare disease is can lead to difficulties in diagnoses. Diagnosing a rare disease with certainty can be problematic due to the scarcity of information available as well as a lack of consensus within the healthcare community. Rather than dismissing a patient’s concerns because of a lack of evidence, primary care physicians should be a source of support and help alleviate their patients’ worries over healthcare issues. It is imperative that general practitioners are well-versed in the area of rare diseases so that they can help affected patients find answers and support.

Which supporting detail is an example of opinion, rather than fact?

A True Renaissance Man

Have you ever heard the term, “Renaissance Man”? This phrase developed in Italy during the Renaissance period (from the 14th century to the 17th century) and was used to describe a person who embraced a great deal of knowledge across a variety of disciplines. Galileo Galilei, the Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer is perhaps the best example of a true Renaissance Man. Not only did he study a wide range of academic subjects, ranging from mathematics to linguistics, but he was also courageous enough to challenge scientific theories that existed at the time. Galileo’s most famous discovery debunked the most widely-held belief during that period: that the Earth was located in the center of the universe. His scientific findings and ideas showing that the Sun was actually the center of the universe ultimately caused him to become the target of the Inquisition, an official religious investigation against ideas that contradicted the Catholic church. After being charged with heresy, most of Galileo’s writings were banned, and he spent the remainder of his life in prison. Despite this unjust and harsh treatment, he is now celebrated as one of the greatest minds of all time, as well as the “father” of modern science. Unfortunately, Galileo was not the only scholar to have undergone this punishment for challenging the status quo during that time. Thankfully,  justice has finally been served to a great “Renaissance Man”.

Based on the passage, what can be inferred regarding the acceptance of ideas that challenged existing principles during the time of Galileo?

A True Renaissance Man

Have you ever heard the term, “Renaissance Man”? This phrase developed in Italy during the Renaissance period (from the 14th century to the 17th century) and was used to describe a person who embraced a great deal of knowledge across a variety of disciplines. Galileo Galilei, the Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer is perhaps the best example of a true Renaissance Man. Not only did he study a wide range of academic subjects, ranging from mathematics to linguistics, but he was also courageous enough to challenge scientific theories that existed at the time. Galileo’s most famous discovery debunked the most widely-held belief during that period: that the Earth was located in the center of the universe. His scientific findings and ideas showing that the Sun was actually the center of the universe ultimately caused him to become the target of the Inquisition, an official religious investigation against ideas that contradicted the Catholic church. After being charged with heresy, most of Galileo’s writings were banned, and he spent the remainder of his life in prison. Despite this unjust and harsh treatment, he is now celebrated as one of the greatest minds of all time, as well as the “father” of modern science. Unfortunately, Galileo was not the only scholar to have undergone this punishment for challenging the status quo during that time. Thankfully,  justice has finally been served to a great “Renaissance Man”.

What is the author’s purpose for writing this paragraph?

A True Renaissance Man

Have you ever heard the term, “Renaissance Man”? This phrase developed in Italy during the Renaissance period (from the 14th century to the 17th century) and was used to describe a person who embraced a great deal of knowledge across a variety of disciplines. Galileo Galilei, the Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer is perhaps the best example of a true Renaissance Man. Not only did he study a wide range of academic subjects, ranging from mathematics to linguistics, but he was also courageous enough to challenge scientific theories that existed at the time. Galileo’s most famous discovery debunked the most widely-held belief during that period: that the Earth was located in the center of the universe. His scientific findings and ideas showing that the Sun was actually the center of the universe ultimately caused him to become the target of the Inquisition, an official religious investigation against ideas that contradicted the Catholic church. After being charged with heresy, most of Galileo’s writings were banned, and he spent the remainder of his life in prison. Despite this unjust and harsh treatment, he is now celebrated as one of the greatest minds of all time, as well as the “father” of modern science. Unfortunately, Galileo was not the only scholar to have undergone this punishment for challenging the status quo during that time. Thankfully,  justice has finally been served to a great “Renaissance Man”.

Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Scary Science

If you thought that scary movies were only popular during Halloween, think again. No matter what time of year it is, “horror” is one of the most popular genres in both box offices and streaming services. In fact, the genre’s market share has been steadily increasing since 2020, and currently accounts for nearly a quarter of ticket sales across all genres! However, not all types of scary movies are popular in the same way. Neuroscientists from Regent’s University in London recently examined why certain horror movies are considered to be more popular or “scarier” than others. They believe that certain visual stimuli consistently produce intense reactions from audiences, based on evolutionary predispositions and social conditioning. When it comes to the former, the research team argues that certain things trigger a “fight or flight” response, which is likely rooted in our earliest memories and spans a wide range of topics and situations. When scary movies rely on gory scenes with blood, for example, viewers may subconsciously recall a traumatic childhood memory, like a scraped knee from falling off of a bike, and feel an intense reaction. On the other hand, social conditioning explains why audiences are scared of things that present a negligible threat. For example, even though less than one-tenth of a percent of spiders have been responsible for human deaths, they have been used as scare tactics in movies for decades. While using blood and spiders in movies might seem overdone and predictable, science shows that these aspects might never stop being scary.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Scary Science

If you thought that scary movies were only popular during Halloween, think again. No matter what time of year it is, “horror” is one of the most popular genres in both box offices and streaming services. In fact, the genre’s market share has been steadily increasing since 2020, and currently accounts for nearly a quarter of ticket sales across all genres! However, not all types of scary movies are popular in the same way. Neuroscientists from Regent’s University in London recently examined why certain horror movies are considered to be more popular or “scarier” than others. They believe that certain visual stimuli consistently produce intense reactions from audiences, based on evolutionary predispositions and social conditioning. When it comes to the former, the research team argues that certain things trigger a “fight or flight” response, which is likely rooted in our earliest memories and spans a wide range of topics and situations. When scary movies rely on gory scenes with blood, for example, viewers may subconsciously recall a traumatic childhood memory, like a scraped knee from falling off of a bike, and feel an intense reaction. On the other hand, social conditioning explains why audiences are scared of things that present a negligible threat. For example, even though less than one-tenth of a percent of spiders have been responsible for human deaths, they have been used as scare tactics in movies for decades. While using blood and spiders in movies might seem overdone and predictable, science shows that these aspects might never stop being scary.

Based on the text, what is true regarding elements in horror movies that provoke a “fight or flight” response? 

Scary Science

If you thought that scary movies were only popular during Halloween, think again. No matter what time of year it is, “horror” is one of the most popular genres in both box offices and streaming services. In fact, the genre’s market share has been steadily increasing since 2020, and currently accounts for nearly a quarter of ticket sales across all genres! However, not all types of scary movies are popular in the same way. Neuroscientists from Regent’s University in London recently examined why certain horror movies are considered to be more popular or “scarier” than others. They believe that certain visual stimuli consistently produce intense reactions from audiences, based on evolutionary predispositions and social conditioning. When it comes to the former, the research team argues that certain things trigger a “fight or flight” response, which is likely rooted in our earliest memories and spans a wide range of topics and situations. When scary movies rely on gory scenes with blood, for example, viewers may subconsciously recall a traumatic childhood memory, like a scraped knee from falling off of a bike, and feel an intense reaction. On the other hand, social conditioning explains why audiences are scared of things that present a negligible threat. For example, even though less than one-tenth of a percent of spiders have been responsible for human deaths, they have been used as scare tactics in movies for decades. While using blood and spiders in movies might seem overdone and predictable, science shows that these aspects might never stop being scary.

What is the meaning of the word “negligible” as it is used in the paragraph?

The Science of Ski Jumping

Ski jumping is one of the most popular sports performed at the Winter Olympics, and for good reason! The intense sport involves a descent along a springboard that allows athletes to move at a speed of approximately one hundred kilometers per hour for up to seven seconds before landing on the snow. By the end of the round, it is quite possible that the skier has traveled a distance equal to that of a football field! Perhaps what most people do not think about, however, is how physics and aerodynamics play a part in all of this. Gravity, lifting, and endurance are three physical concepts that play a large part in the success of an athlete’s ski jump. The goal of ski jumpers is to strategically position the body, from the beginning until the end of the routine, in order to maximize lift and reduce resistance as much as possible. Of course, an athlete cannot defy gravitational force, no matter how much they have trained. However, they can compensate for the force by aiming to lift themselves higher. Ultimately, the interaction between the weight of an athlete’s body and the air naturally produces resistance which eventually slows down the body’s movement in the air and brings it back to the ground.

Which of the following ideas can be inferred from the passage?

The Science of Ski Jumping

Ski jumping is one of the most popular sports performed at the Winter Olympics, and for good reason! The intense sport involves a descent along a springboard that allows athletes to move at a speed of approximately one hundred kilometers per hour for up to seven seconds before landing on the snow. By the end of the round, it is quite possible that the skier has traveled a distance equal to that of a football field! Perhaps what most people do not think about, however, is how physics and aerodynamics play a part in all of this. Gravity, lifting, and endurance are three physical concepts that play a large part in the success of an athlete’s ski jump. The goal of ski jumpers is to strategically position the body, from the beginning until the end of the routine, in order to maximize lift and reduce resistance as much as possible. Of course, an athlete cannot defy gravitational force, no matter how much they have trained. However, they can compensate for the force by aiming to lift themselves higher. Ultimately, the interaction between the weight of an athlete’s body and the air naturally produces resistance which eventually slows down the body’s movement in the air and brings it back to the ground.

What is the best summary of the passage?

The Science of Ski Jumping

Ski jumping is one of the most popular sports performed at the Winter Olympics, and for good reason! The intense sport involves a descent along a springboard that allows athletes to move at a speed of approximately one hundred kilometers per hour for up to seven seconds before landing on the snow. By the end of the round, it is quite possible that the skier has traveled a distance equal to that of a football field! Perhaps what most people do not think about, however, is how physics and aerodynamics play a part in all of this. Gravity, lifting, and endurance are three physical concepts that play a large part in the success of an athlete’s ski jump. The goal of ski jumpers is to strategically position the body, from the beginning until the end of the routine, in order to maximize lift and reduce resistance as much as possible. Of course, an athlete cannot defy gravitational force, no matter how much they have trained. However, they can compensate for the force by aiming to lift themselves higher. Ultimately, the interaction between the weight of an athlete’s body and the air naturally produces resistance which eventually slows down the body’s movement in the air and brings it back to the ground.

Which of the following is a synonym for the word “compensate” as it is used at the end of the paragraph?

Pincherle’s Penicillin

Almost everyone is familiar with the benefits of Penicillin but not many are aware of one of the most important advocates for its distribution in poverty-stricken communities. Dr. Bruno Pincherle was born in 1903 in Trieste, a city in northern Italy, and quickly began working in the area of disease prevention in economically-disadvantaged communities upon finishing medical school. The disasters of poverty that Pincherle witnessed made him increasingly aware of the harsh living conditions that were rampant in these communities. When he realized that a disproportionate number of children were dying from the limited availability of Penicillin, Pincherle organized free distribution of the medicine. This act was truly unprecedented for the time, especially given the fact that resources were limited and poverty was at an all-time high. Thanks to his commitment, Trieste was the first Italian city to provide free Penicillin in their hospitals to citizens. Pincherle’s steadfast determination for those in need is admirable and should be the benchmark for those in healthcare professions.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Pincherle’s Penicillin

Almost everyone is familiar with the benefits of Penicillin but not many are aware of one of the most important advocates for its distribution in poverty-stricken communities. Dr. Bruno Pincherle was born in 1903 in Trieste, a city in northern Italy, and quickly began working in the area of disease prevention in economically-disadvantaged communities upon finishing medical school. The disasters of poverty that Pincherle witnessed made him increasingly aware of the harsh living conditions that were rampant in these communities. When he realized that a disproportionate number of children were dying from the limited availability of Penicillin, Pincherle organized free distribution of the medicine. This act was truly unprecedented for the time, especially given the fact that resources were limited and poverty was at an all-time high. Thanks to his commitment, Trieste was the first Italian city to provide free Penicillin in their hospitals to citizens. Pincherle’s steadfast determination for those in need is admirable and should be the benchmark for those in healthcare professions.

Which supporting detail is an example of opinion, rather than fact?

Pincherle’s Penicillin

Almost everyone is familiar with the benefits of Penicillin but not many are aware of one of the most important advocates for its distribution in poverty-stricken communities. Dr. Bruno Pincherle was born in 1903 in Trieste, a city in northern Italy, and quickly began working in the area of disease prevention in economically-disadvantaged communities upon finishing medical school. The disasters of poverty that Pincherle witnessed made him increasingly aware of the harsh living conditions that were rampant in these communities. When he realized that a disproportionate number of children were dying from the limited availability of Penicillin, Pincherle organized free distribution of the medicine. This act was truly unprecedented for the time, especially given the fact that resources were limited and poverty was at an all-time high. Thanks to his commitment, Trieste was the first Italian city to provide free Penicillin in their hospitals to citizens. Pincherle’s steadfast determination for those in need is admirable and should be the benchmark for those in healthcare professions.

Why does the author include the detail, “This act was truly unprecedented for the time, especially given the fact that resources were limited and poverty was at an all-time high,” in the paragraph?

Royal Influence

If you use social media, you are likely familiar with influencers, people who influence potential buyers by recommending products through various platforms. Although “influencers” may seem to be relatively new and connected to the world of social media, the concept has actually been around for centuries. Long before technology played a part in communications, aristocrats and royal families commanded the scene of what was popular and what was out of style. Perhaps the best example of a historical influencer is Margherita of Savoy, the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Italy before it was a united nation. Born into a royal family in 1851, Margherita received a thorough education and was destined to hold a position of power and influence. She became the Queen of Italy when her husband, Umberto I, took the throne in 1878. However, the pair were not automatically popular as there had been general disfavor for the Italian monarchy as well as political unrest in Europe before their reign. Despite this, she was successful in capturing the hearts of both aristocrats and normal citizens alike. Historical accounts show that the young queen played a part in uniting customs and traditions from different cities in the Italian kingdom by sharing them during her travels and official state visits. In just a short amount of time, Queen Margherita became a style icon and role model for women throughout Europe. In fact, the first Italian fashion magazine was named after her, as well as the “Margherita pizza”, a simple cheese pizza that remains popular to this day. Although her reign was centuries ago, Queen Margherita is clearly still influencing us!

Based on the passage, which of the following inferences can be made about the monarchs that preceded Margherita and Umberto I?

Royal Influence

If you use social media, you are likely familiar with influencers, people who influence potential buyers by recommending products through various platforms. Although “influencers” may seem to be relatively new and connected to the world of social media, the concept has actually been around for centuries. Long before technology played a part in communications, aristocrats and royal families commanded the scene of what was popular and what was out of style. Perhaps the best example of a historical influencer is Margherita of Savoy, the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Italy before it was a united nation. Born into a royal family in 1851, Margherita received a thorough education and was destined to hold a position of power and influence. She became the Queen of Italy when her husband, Umberto I, took the throne in 1878. However, the pair were not automatically popular as there had been general disfavor for the Italian monarchy as well as political unrest in Europe before their reign. Despite this, she was successful in capturing the hearts of both aristocrats and normal citizens alike. Historical accounts show that the young queen played a part in uniting customs and traditions from different cities in the Italian kingdom by sharing them during her travels and official state visits. In just a short amount of time, Queen Margherita became a style icon and role model for women throughout Europe. In fact, the first Italian fashion magazine was named after her, as well as the “Margherita pizza”, a simple cheese pizza that remains popular to this day. Although her reign was centuries ago, Queen Margherita is clearly still influencing us!

Which of the following details supports the idea that Margherita of Savoy helped create a sense of cohesion in the kingdom of Italy?

Royal Influence

If you use social media, you are likely familiar with influencers, people who influence potential buyers by recommending products through various platforms. Although “influencers” may seem to be relatively new and connected to the world of social media, the concept has actually been around for centuries. Long before technology played a part in communications, aristocrats and royal families commanded the scene of what was popular and what was out of style. Perhaps the best example of a historical influencer is Margherita of Savoy, the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Italy before it was a united nation. Born into a royal family in 1851, Margherita received a thorough education and was destined to hold a position of power and influence. She became the Queen of Italy when her husband, Umberto I, took the throne in 1878. However, the pair were not automatically popular as there had been general disfavor for the Italian monarchy as well as political unrest in Europe before their reign. Despite this, she was successful in capturing the hearts of both aristocrats and normal citizens alike. Historical accounts show that the young queen played a part in uniting customs and traditions from different cities in the Italian kingdom by sharing them during her travels and official state visits. In just a short amount of time, Queen Margherita became a style icon and role model for women throughout Europe. In fact, the first Italian fashion magazine was named after her, as well as the “Margherita pizza”, a simple cheese pizza that remains popular to this day. Although her reign was centuries ago, Queen Margherita is clearly still influencing us!

Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

The Mysterious Spine

What started as a routine archaeological dig near the city of Lima turned into a macabre discovery that is leaving researchers scratching their heads in search of an answer. During the dig’s exploration phase, archaeologists found themselves in front of nearly two hundred poles covered with human vertebrae. Scientific analyses, including carbon dating procedures, suggest that the bones belonged to individuals who died between 1520 and 1550. Based on this information, two hypotheses have been formed that could potentially explain the discovery. The dates coincide with a period of famine and epidemics in Peru and cause some researchers to believe that the Chincha population reassembled the remains of the dead as a symbolic ritual of protection. In fact, this practice was not limited to the Chincha of Peru. Others believe that it has to do more with the invasion of the Spaniards, which occurred in the mid-1500s. Since invaders were known to loot graveyards in order to steal gold and silver that were buried with the deceased, some researchers posit that the Chincha hoped to prevent this from happening by deconstructing the remains themselves. Although the exact cause is not known, it has been proven that the vertebrae were placed on the rods arbitrarily, rather than following the exact order of the spine. 

Which of the following inferences can be made from the passage?

The Mysterious Spine

What started as a routine archaeological dig near the city of Lima turned into a macabre discovery that is leaving researchers scratching their heads in search of an answer. During the dig’s exploration phase, archaeologists found themselves in front of nearly two hundred poles covered with human vertebrae. Scientific analyses, including carbon dating procedures, suggest that the bones belonged to individuals who died between 1520 and 1550. Based on this information, two hypotheses have been formed that could potentially explain the discovery. The dates coincide with a period of famine and epidemics in Peru and cause some researchers to believe that the Chincha population reassembled the remains of the dead as a symbolic ritual of protection. In fact, this practice was not limited to the Chincha of Peru. Others believe that it has to do more with the invasion of the Spaniards, which occurred in the mid-1500s. Since invaders were known to loot graveyards in order to steal gold and silver that were buried with the deceased, some researchers posit that the Chincha hoped to prevent this from happening by deconstructing the remains themselves. Although the exact cause is not known, it has been proven that the vertebrae were placed on the rods arbitrarily, rather than following the exact order of the spine. 

What is the author’s purpose for writing this paragraph?

The Mysterious Spine

What started as a routine archaeological dig near the city of Lima turned into a macabre discovery that is leaving researchers scratching their heads in search of an answer. During the dig’s exploration phase, archaeologists found themselves in front of nearly two hundred poles covered with human vertebrae. Scientific analyses, including carbon dating procedures, suggest that the bones belonged to individuals who died between 1520 and 1550. Based on this information, two hypotheses have been formed that could potentially explain the discovery. The dates coincide with a period of famine and epidemics in Peru and cause some researchers to believe that the Chincha population reassembled the remains of the dead as a symbolic ritual of protection. In fact, this practice was not limited to the Chincha of Peru. Others believe that it has to do more with the invasion of the Spaniards, which occurred in the mid-1500s. Since invaders were known to loot graveyards in order to steal gold and silver that were buried with the deceased, some researchers posit that the Chincha hoped to prevent this from happening by deconstructing the remains themselves. Although the exact cause is not known, it has been proven that the vertebrae were placed on the rods arbitrarily, rather than following the exact order of the spine. 

What is the meaning of the word “arbitrarily” as it is used in the last sentence of the paragraph?

The Digital Divide

Could you imagine a life without the Internet? Most people would cringe at the thought of having to pass just one day without using the Internet to shop, keep in touch with friends, or just scroll the time away. However, three billion people around the world have never had access to the Internet, according to a recent report from the United Nations, and pass each and every day without it. This means that roughly one in three people on the planet do not have access to perhaps the most innovative tool known to man. According to the study, an overwhelming ninety-six percent of people who do not have access to the Internet live in developing countries. This statistic is alarming and potentially dangerous. Areas that do not have the possibility to connect with the outside world are at risk of isolation, especially given events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, data shows that there is a correlation between poor infrastructure and lack of Internet in the least developed countries. This makes sense since digital tools play a large part in helping advance society in more ways than one. In order to help solve this issue, the United Nations’ Information Technology branch is creating useful initiatives that will bring basic Internet tools to economically-disadvantaged areas. After all, given its ability to help those in need, the Internet should not be a luxury, nor should it be limited to those in industrialized nations.

Which statement best summarizes the paragraph?

The Digital Divide

Could you imagine a life without the Internet? Most people would cringe at the thought of having to pass just one day without using the Internet to shop, keep in touch with friends, or just scroll the time away. However, three billion people around the world have never had access to the Internet, according to a recent report from the United Nations, and pass each and every day without it. This means that roughly one in three people on the planet do not have access to perhaps the most innovative tool known to man. According to the study, an overwhelming ninety-six percent of people who do not have access to the Internet live in developing countries. This statistic is alarming and potentially dangerous. Areas that do not have the possibility to connect with the outside world are at risk of isolation, especially given events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, data shows that there is a correlation between poor infrastructure and lack of Internet in the least developed countries. This makes sense since digital tools play a large part in helping advance society in more ways than one. In order to help solve this issue, the United Nations’ Information Technology branch is creating useful initiatives that will bring basic Internet tools to economically-disadvantaged areas. After all, given its ability to help those in need, the Internet should not be a luxury, nor should it be limited to those in industrialized nations.

Which supporting detail is an example of the author’s opinion, rather than a fact?

The Digital Divide

Could you imagine a life without the Internet? Most people would cringe at the thought of having to pass just one day without using the Internet to shop, keep in touch with friends, or just scroll the time away. However, three billion people around the world have never had access to the Internet, according to a recent report from the United Nations, and pass each and every day without it. This means that roughly one in three people on the planet do not have access to perhaps the most innovative tool known to man. According to the study, an overwhelming ninety-six percent of people who do not have access to the Internet live in developing countries. This statistic is alarming and potentially dangerous. Areas that do not have the possibility to connect with the outside world are at risk of isolation, especially given events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, data shows that there is a correlation between poor infrastructure and lack of Internet in the least developed countries. This makes sense since digital tools play a large part in helping advance society in more ways than one. In order to help solve this issue, the United Nations’ Information Technology branch is creating useful initiatives that will bring basic Internet tools to economically-disadvantaged areas. After all, given its ability to help those in need, the Internet should not be a luxury, nor should it be limited to those in industrialized nations.

Which of the following statements best describes the point of view of the author?

Ice Cubes for the Environment

Scientists from the University of California have recently invented seemingly perfect ice cubes called “Jelly Ice Cubes”. Many believe that these ice cubes could help areas affected by droughts and aid in conserving water, among other things. Not only do the hydrogel-filled cubes keep things cold for up to thirteen hours, but they are also reusable and can withstand a weight of up to twenty-two pounds. These aspects truly make them the perfect option for food processing plants and manufacturing centers. Plus, they are the first of their kind to be fully biodegradable. Despite the benefits, some critics are skeptical of the need for such a product. However, a thorough understanding of startling statistics would likely ease any of their concerns.  As of now, the U.S. Geological Survey reports that 1.7 trillion gallons of water are wasted each year, and a large part comes from supply chain waste. If food-processing factories switched out traditional ice cubes for this reusable hydrogel option, water waste and utility costs could be exponentially reduced. In addition to water conservation, researchers posit that reusable ice cubes could also stop the spread of dangerous pathogens in factories. For instance, recent exposès have found that fish-processing factories inappropriately reuse ice for different types of preparation in order to save on costs. However, it is known that this contributes greatly to food-poisoning risks. Since the jelly ice cubes can be sanitized between uses, the risks for cross-contamination are not as considerable. Decision-makers should recognize the benefits this product has to offer and do their part in ending water waste.

What is the main idea of the paragraph?

Ice Cubes for the Environment

Scientists from the University of California have recently invented seemingly perfect ice cubes called “Jelly Ice Cubes”. Many believe that these ice cubes could help areas affected by droughts and aid in conserving water, among other things. Not only do the hydrogel-filled cubes keep things cold for up to thirteen hours, but they are also reusable and can withstand a weight of up to twenty-two pounds. These aspects truly make them the perfect option for food processing plants and manufacturing centers. Plus, they are the first of their kind to be fully biodegradable. Despite the benefits, some critics are skeptical of the need for such a product. However, a thorough understanding of startling statistics would likely ease any of their concerns.  As of now, the U.S. Geological Survey reports that 1.7 trillion gallons of water are wasted each year, and a large part comes from supply chain waste. If food-processing factories switched out traditional ice cubes for this reusable hydrogel option, water waste and utility costs could be exponentially reduced. In addition to water conservation, researchers posit that reusable ice cubes could also stop the spread of dangerous pathogens in factories. For instance, recent exposès have found that fish-processing factories inappropriately reuse ice for different types of preparation in order to save on costs. However, it is known that this contributes greatly to food-poisoning risks. Since the jelly ice cubes can be sanitized between uses, the risks for cross-contamination are not as considerable. Decision-makers should recognize the benefits this product has to offer and do their part in ending water waste.

What can be inferred regarding the food-processing factories mentioned in the passage? 

Ice Cubes for the Environment

Scientists from the University of California have recently invented seemingly perfect ice cubes called “Jelly Ice Cubes”. Many believe that these ice cubes could help areas affected by droughts and aid in conserving water, among other things. Not only do the hydrogel-filled cubes keep things cold for up to thirteen hours, but they are also reusable and can withstand a weight of up to twenty-two pounds. These aspects truly make them the perfect option for food processing plants and manufacturing centers. Plus, they are the first of their kind to be fully biodegradable. Despite the benefits, some critics are skeptical of the need for such a product. However, a thorough understanding of startling statistics would likely ease any of their concerns.  As of now, the U.S. Geological Survey reports that 1.7 trillion gallons of water are wasted each year, and a large part comes from supply chain waste. If food-processing factories switched out traditional ice cubes for this reusable hydrogel option, water waste and utility costs could be exponentially reduced. In addition to water conservation, researchers posit that reusable ice cubes could also stop the spread of dangerous pathogens in factories. For instance, recent exposès have found that fish-processing factories inappropriately reuse ice for different types of preparation in order to save on costs. However, it is known that this contributes greatly to food-poisoning risks. Since the jelly ice cubes can be sanitized between uses, the risks for cross-contamination are not as considerable. Decision-makers should recognize the benefits this product has to offer and do their part in ending water waste.

What is the author’s general opinion regarding those who question the need for Jelly Ice Cubes?

The Cursed Lake

When cell phones start acting strangely, many might immediately assume that hacking, spam accounts, or malicious links are to blame. In fact, that is exactly what some Android users imagined when their mobile phones recently crashed without warning, and at times, forced them to cope with data loss. However, the culprit was not only much simpler than a hacker, but it also had good intentions! A seemingly “normal” photograph of St. Mary’s lake in Montana, which had been uploaded to a photo-sharing website by a seasoned photographer, was to blame for the technological blunder. Although the problem initially seemed unexplainable, programmers soon realized that the photo-editing software used by the photographer of the infamous photo contained a bug that created drastic issues for certain Android systems. In short, the photographer had unknowingly selected a color-mode option from the Adobe Lightroom editing software that was incompatible with certain Android operating systems, resulting in crashes that were only resolvable with complete factory resets. Luckily, the bug was limited to only certain versions of Android systems, and the photo was able to be viewed on other mobile phones without any impediments. Despite its pesky result, the beautiful photograph of St. Mary’s Lake went viral soon after the incident and remains popular today. It proves, however, that all that glitters is not always gold.

Which of the following ideas can be inferred regarding the solution to the problem?

The Cursed Lake

When cell phones start acting strangely, many might immediately assume that hacking, spam accounts, or malicious links are to blame. In fact, that is exactly what some Android users imagined when their mobile phones recently crashed without warning, and at times, forced them to cope with data loss. However, the culprit was not only much simpler than a hacker, but it also had good intentions! A seemingly “normal” photograph of St. Mary’s lake in Montana, which had been uploaded to a photo-sharing website by a seasoned photographer, was to blame for the technological blunder. Although the problem initially seemed unexplainable, programmers soon realized that the photo-editing software used by the photographer of the infamous photo contained a bug that created drastic issues for certain Android systems. In short, the photographer had unknowingly selected a color-mode option from the Adobe Lightroom editing software that was incompatible with certain Android operating systems, resulting in crashes that were only resolvable with complete factory resets. Luckily, the bug was limited to only certain versions of Android systems, and the photo was able to be viewed on other mobile phones without any impediments. Despite its pesky result, the beautiful photograph of St. Mary’s Lake went viral soon after the incident and remains popular today. It proves, however, that all that glitters is not always gold.

Which of the following statements best describes the point of view of the author?

The Cursed Lake

When cell phones start acting strangely, many might immediately assume that hacking, spam accounts, or malicious links are to blame. In fact, that is exactly what some Android users imagined when their mobile phones recently crashed without warning, and at times, forced them to cope with data loss. However, the culprit was not only much simpler than a hacker, but it also had good intentions! A seemingly “normal” photograph of St. Mary’s lake in Montana, which had been uploaded to a photo-sharing website by a seasoned photographer, was to blame for the technological blunder. Although the problem initially seemed unexplainable, programmers soon realized that the photo-editing software used by the photographer of the infamous photo contained a bug that created drastic issues for certain Android systems. In short, the photographer had unknowingly selected a color-mode option from the Adobe Lightroom editing software that was incompatible with certain Android operating systems, resulting in crashes that were only resolvable with complete factory resets. Luckily, the bug was limited to only certain versions of Android systems, and the photo was able to be viewed on other mobile phones without any impediments. Despite its pesky result, the beautiful photograph of St. Mary’s Lake went viral soon after the incident and remains popular today. It proves, however, that all that glitters is not always gold.

What is the meaning of the word “impediments” as it is used at the end of the paragraph?

To: All Staff
From: John Griston, HR Manager
Subject: Dress Code Reminder

Good morning,

It has been two weeks since we introduced our new hybrid working schedule, including two days of working in the office and three days of working remotely. We sincerely hope that you are all finding it to be a beneficial transition from the fully remote schedules that we had implemented at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, this transition has come with one particular issue that must be addressed. We have been noticing some inconsistencies with the dress code. As such, we would like to remind all staff that our company’s dress code must be followed for days when employees work in the office. Please keep in mind that our dress code has always been “business casual”, and it does not include jeans, ballcaps, tennis shoes, or sweatshirts. It is imperative that we all abide by the dress code, especially as we will be hosting various vendors and outside clients in our offices next week.

Please refer to the employee handbook if you have any questions regarding this matter. Thank you in advance for your cooperation and positive team spirit.

Best,
John Griston, HR Manager

Based on the memo, what should employees do if they are unsure of the dress code?

To: All Staff
From: John Griston, HR Manager
Subject: Dress Code Reminder

Good morning,

It has been two weeks since we introduced our new hybrid working schedule, including two days of working in the office and three days of working remotely. We sincerely hope that you are all finding it to be a beneficial transition from the fully remote schedules that we had implemented at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, this transition has come with one particular issue that must be addressed. We have been noticing some inconsistencies with the dress code. As such, we would like to remind all staff that our company’s dress code must be followed for days when employees work in the office. Please keep in mind that our dress code has always been “business casual”, and it does not include jeans, ballcaps, tennis shoes, or sweatshirts. It is imperative that we all abide by the dress code, especially as we will be hosting various vendors and outside clients in our offices next week.

Please refer to the employee handbook if you have any questions regarding this matter. Thank you in advance for your cooperation and positive team spirit.

Best,
John Griston, HR Manager

Which of the following inferences can be made from the memo?

To: All Staff
From: John Griston, HR Manager
Subject: Dress Code Reminder

Good morning,

It has been two weeks since we introduced our new hybrid working schedule, including two days of working in the office and three days of working remotely. We sincerely hope that you are all finding it to be a beneficial transition from the fully remote schedules that we had implemented at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, this transition has come with one particular issue that must be addressed. We have been noticing some inconsistencies with the dress code. As such, we would like to remind all staff that our company’s dress code must be followed for days when employees work in the office. Please keep in mind that our dress code has always been “business casual”, and it does not include jeans, ballcaps, tennis shoes, or sweatshirts. It is imperative that we all abide by the dress code, especially as we will be hosting various vendors and outside clients in our offices next week.

Please refer to the employee handbook if you have any questions regarding this matter. Thank you in advance for your cooperation and positive team spirit.

Best,
John Griston, HR Manager

What is the purpose of the memo?

Motivated Summer Interns Wanted

Are you looking for a way to enhance your writing portfolio and gain valuable experience working with leading journalists? If so, our nationally-recognized Summer Internship may be perfect for you! Haverly Media Inc., located in Houston, Texas, is looking for determined university students who already have a basic understanding of media theory, on-camera delivery, and news writing. This two-month, unpaid position includes at least twenty weekly hours shadowing journalists as they cover breaking news, feature stories, and more in Houston and its surrounding areas. This hands-on experience is unparalleled and beneficial for budding journalists! Candidates applying from outside of the Houston area may be eligible for a housing stipend. At the end of the program, successful interns will be eligible to receive three college credits. All interested candidates should send a resume, three strong writing samples, and at least one reference letter from a university professor to summerjobs@haverlymedia.com. Please note that due to high demand, we are only able to respond to candidates we are interested in interviewing at this time.

Which of the following inferences can be made about candidates who will be selected for an interview?

Motivated Summer Interns Wanted

Are you looking for a way to enhance your writing portfolio and gain valuable experience working with leading journalists? If so, our nationally-recognized Summer Internship may be perfect for you! Haverly Media Inc., located in Houston, Texas, is looking for determined university students who already have a basic understanding of media theory, on-camera delivery, and news writing. This two-month, unpaid position includes at least twenty weekly hours shadowing journalists as they cover breaking news, feature stories, and more in Houston and its surrounding areas. This hands-on experience is unparalleled and beneficial for budding journalists! Candidates applying from outside of the Houston area may be eligible for a housing stipend. At the end of the program, successful interns will be eligible to receive three college credits. All interested candidates should send a resume, three strong writing samples, and at least one reference letter from a university professor to summerjobs@haverlymedia.com. Please note that due to high demand, we are only able to respond to candidates we are interested in interviewing at this time.

Why does the author include the detail, “Please note that due to high demand, we are only able to respond to candidates we are interested in interviewing at this time”?

Motivated Summer Interns Wanted

Are you looking for a way to enhance your writing portfolio and gain valuable experience working with leading journalists? If so, our nationally-recognized Summer Internship may be perfect for you! Haverly Media Inc., located in Houston, Texas, is looking for determined university students who already have a basic understanding of media theory, on-camera delivery, and news writing. This two-month, unpaid position includes at least twenty weekly hours shadowing journalists as they cover breaking news, feature stories, and more in Houston and its surrounding areas. This hands-on experience is unparalleled and beneficial for budding journalists! Candidates applying from outside of the Houston area may be eligible for a housing stipend. At the end of the program, successful interns will be eligible to receive three college credits. All interested candidates should send a resume, three strong writing samples, and at least one reference letter from a university professor to summerjobs@haverlymedia.com. Please note that due to high demand, we are only able to respond to candidates we are interested in interviewing at this time.

Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

A Misplaced Drop in the Ocean

For marine biologists, the depths of the ocean can be a treasure trove of world wonders, ranging from the stunning coral reefs to diverse species of fish that roam the ocean floor. Although they stumble upon interesting artifacts quite often, a recent finding has stunned researchers across the globe because of its condition and the location in which it was discovered. According to their publication, a research team has recently confirmed finding a 100,000-year-old tusk that belonged to a female Columbian mammoth (also known as Mammuthus columbi) at the bottom of the ocean. However, this was not the most surprising part of the finding. Despite centuries of time that have gone by and the interference of human activities, the sample proved to be perfectly preserved and completely intact!

The researchers involved in the study highlighted the fact that even though mammoths roamed the Earth centuries ago, finding their remnants is not necessarily a rare occurrence. In fact, at least two hundred skeletal remains have been found to date, but they are typically not found in the ocean. When they are found in the ocean, they are typically only a few meters from the surface. In this specific case, however, the tusk was located around 10,000 feet deep. Researchers believe that the somewhat “hidden” location helped maintain the tusk’s original aspects. Specifically, the sample was perfectly preserved due to the combination of low temperatures and the high pressure found only in the deep seabed. As the research team celebrates this interesting finding, they also plan on studying ocean currents to determine the tusk’s origin point and how it arrived in the depths of the ocean.

What is the main idea of the passage?

A Misplaced Drop in the Ocean

For marine biologists, the depths of the ocean can be a treasure trove of world wonders, ranging from the stunning coral reefs to diverse species of fish that roam the ocean floor. Although they stumble upon interesting artifacts quite often, a recent finding has stunned researchers across the globe because of its condition and the location in which it was discovered. According to their publication, a research team has recently confirmed finding a 100,000-year-old tusk that belonged to a female Columbian mammoth (also known as Mammuthus columbi) at the bottom of the ocean. However, this was not the most surprising part of the finding. Despite centuries of time that have gone by and the interference of human activities, the sample proved to be perfectly preserved and completely intact!

The researchers involved in the study highlighted the fact that even though mammoths roamed the Earth centuries ago, finding their remnants is not necessarily a rare occurrence. In fact, at least two hundred skeletal remains have been found to date, but they are typically not found in the ocean. When they are found in the ocean, they are typically only a few meters from the surface. In this specific case, however, the tusk was located around 10,000 feet deep. Researchers believe that the somewhat “hidden” location helped maintain the tusk’s original aspects. Specifically, the sample was perfectly preserved due to the combination of low temperatures and the high pressure found only in the deep seabed. As the research team celebrates this interesting finding, they also plan on studying ocean currents to determine the tusk’s origin point and how it arrived in the depths of the ocean.

Which of the following supports the idea that the Mammuthus columbi discovery was surprising?

A Misplaced Drop in the Ocean

For marine biologists, the depths of the ocean can be a treasure trove of world wonders, ranging from the stunning coral reefs to diverse species of fish that roam the ocean floor. Although they stumble upon interesting artifacts quite often, a recent finding has stunned researchers across the globe because of its condition and the location in which it was discovered. According to their publication, a research team has recently confirmed finding a 100,000-year-old tusk that belonged to a female Columbian mammoth (also known as Mammuthus columbi) at the bottom of the ocean. However, this was not the most surprising part of the finding. Despite centuries of time that have gone by and the interference of human activities, the sample proved to be perfectly preserved and completely intact!

The researchers involved in the study highlighted the fact that even though mammoths roamed the Earth centuries ago, finding their remnants is not necessarily a rare occurrence. In fact, at least two hundred skeletal remains have been found to date, but they are typically not found in the ocean. When they are found in the ocean, they are typically only a few meters from the surface. In this specific case, however, the tusk was located around 10,000 feet deep. Researchers believe that the somewhat “hidden” location helped maintain the tusk’s original aspects. Specifically, the sample was perfectly preserved due to the combination of low temperatures and the high pressure found only in the deep seabed. As the research team celebrates this interesting finding, they also plan on studying ocean currents to determine the tusk’s origin point and how it arrived in the depths of the ocean.

Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

A Misplaced Drop in the Ocean

For marine biologists, the depths of the ocean can be a treasure trove of world wonders, ranging from the stunning coral reefs to diverse species of fish that roam the ocean floor. Although they stumble upon interesting artifacts quite often, a recent finding has stunned researchers across the globe because of its condition and the location in which it was discovered. According to their publication, a research team has recently confirmed finding a 100,000-year-old tusk that belonged to a female Columbian mammoth (also known as Mammuthus columbi) at the bottom of the ocean. However, this was not the most surprising part of the finding. Despite centuries of time that have gone by and the interference of human activities, the sample proved to be perfectly preserved and completely intact!

The researchers involved in the study highlighted the fact that even though mammoths roamed the Earth centuries ago, finding their remnants is not necessarily a rare occurrence. In fact, at least two hundred skeletal remains have been found to date, but they are typically not found in the ocean. When they are found in the ocean, they are typically only a few meters from the surface. In this specific case, however, the tusk was located around 10,000 feet deep. Researchers believe that the somewhat “hidden” location helped maintain the tusk’s original aspects. Specifically, the sample was perfectly preserved due to the combination of low temperatures and the high pressure found only in the deep seabed. As the research team celebrates this interesting finding, they also plan on studying ocean currents to determine the tusk’s origin point and how it arrived in the depths of the ocean.

Which of the following would best replace “remnants”, as it is used in the second paragraph?

The Video Game Impulse

Video games can offer a fun, relaxing way to take a break from reality and decompress from the stress of everyday life. However, with the advent of virtual reality games, many parents are frustrated by the fact that children seem to be devoting more time and interest to video games while leaving other important responsibilities by the wayside. Although many are often quick to blame the issue on video games, likely even citing video game addiction as the problem, research shows that both biology and neurology may actually have more to do with the issue than we once imagined. In fact, scientific studies have determined that video game addiction affects less than one percent of those who engage in the activity. Rather, scientists argue that the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for managing impulses, is the main reason why adolescents have a hard time stepping away from video games.

The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until the age of twenty-five, which explains why children may find it difficult to stop playing video games when they have other tasks to attend to. Although specific studies on video games and dopamine levels have never been done on children, current research tells us that progressing in a video game increases dopamine levels in adults. Despite the positive feelings of a dopamine surplus, most neurotypical adults generally have sound reasoning skills that allow them to switch to another task and focus on the responsibilities at hand, such as going to work or cleaning the house, even if they are not particularly interesting or satisfying. However, an undeveloped prefrontal cortex makes this task difficult for adolescents. For example, unless an even more rewarding experience is waiting for children once they put the video game controller down, they will not have a reason to stop playing. As such, parents should develop a basic set of rules and a predetermined time limit to help adolescents adjust their habits and better adapt in between activities. 

Which statement best summarizes the second paragraph?

The Video Game Impulse

Video games can offer a fun, relaxing way to take a break from reality and decompress from the stress of everyday life. However, with the advent of virtual reality games, many parents are frustrated by the fact that children seem to be devoting more time and interest to video games while leaving other important responsibilities by the wayside. Although many are often quick to blame the issue on video games, likely even citing video game addiction as the problem, research shows that both biology and neurology may actually have more to do with the issue than we once imagined. In fact, scientific studies have determined that video game addiction affects less than one percent of those who engage in the activity. Rather, scientists argue that the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for managing impulses, is the main reason why adolescents have a hard time stepping away from video games.

The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until the age of twenty-five, which explains why children may find it difficult to stop playing video games when they have other tasks to attend to. Although specific studies on video games and dopamine levels have never been done on children, current research tells us that progressing in a video game increases dopamine levels in adults. Despite the positive feelings of a dopamine surplus, most neurotypical adults generally have sound reasoning skills that allow them to switch to another task and focus on the responsibilities at hand, such as going to work or cleaning the house, even if they are not particularly interesting or satisfying. However, an undeveloped prefrontal cortex makes this task difficult for adolescents. For example, unless an even more rewarding experience is waiting for children once they put the video game controller down, they will not have a reason to stop playing. As such, parents should develop a basic set of rules and a predetermined time limit to help adolescents adjust their habits and better adapt in between activities. 

Which of the following can be inferred regarding video game addiction?

The Video Game Impulse

Video games can offer a fun, relaxing way to take a break from reality and decompress from the stress of everyday life. However, with the advent of virtual reality games, many parents are frustrated by the fact that children seem to be devoting more time and interest to video games while leaving other important responsibilities by the wayside. Although many are often quick to blame the issue on video games, likely even citing video game addiction as the problem, research shows that both biology and neurology may actually have more to do with the issue than we once imagined. In fact, scientific studies have determined that video game addiction affects less than one percent of those who engage in the activity. Rather, scientists argue that the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for managing impulses, is the main reason why adolescents have a hard time stepping away from video games.

The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until the age of twenty-five, which explains why children may find it difficult to stop playing video games when they have other tasks to attend to. Although specific studies on video games and dopamine levels have never been done on children, current research tells us that progressing in a video game increases dopamine levels in adults. Despite the positive feelings of a dopamine surplus, most neurotypical adults generally have sound reasoning skills that allow them to switch to another task and focus on the responsibilities at hand, such as going to work or cleaning the house, even if they are not particularly interesting or satisfying. However, an undeveloped prefrontal cortex makes this task difficult for adolescents. For example, unless an even more rewarding experience is waiting for children once they put the video game controller down, they will not have a reason to stop playing. As such, parents should develop a basic set of rules and a predetermined time limit to help adolescents adjust their habits and better adapt in between activities. 

Which of the following is an example of opinion, rather than fact?

The Video Game Impulse

Video games can offer a fun, relaxing way to take a break from reality and decompress from the stress of everyday life. However, with the advent of virtual reality games, many parents are frustrated by the fact that children seem to be devoting more time and interest to video games while leaving other important responsibilities by the wayside. Although many are often quick to blame the issue on video games, likely even citing video game addiction as the problem, research shows that both biology and neurology may actually have more to do with the issue than we once imagined. In fact, scientific studies have determined that video game addiction affects less than one percent of those who engage in the activity. Rather, scientists argue that the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for managing impulses, is the main reason why adolescents have a hard time stepping away from video games.

The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until the age of twenty-five, which explains why children may find it difficult to stop playing video games when they have other tasks to attend to. Although specific studies on video games and dopamine levels have never been done on children, current research tells us that progressing in a video game increases dopamine levels in adults. Despite the positive feelings of a dopamine surplus, most neurotypical adults generally have sound reasoning skills that allow them to switch to another task and focus on the responsibilities at hand, such as going to work or cleaning the house, even if they are not particularly interesting or satisfying. However, an undeveloped prefrontal cortex makes this task difficult for adolescents. For example, unless an even more rewarding experience is waiting for children once they put the video game controller down, they will not have a reason to stop playing. As such, parents should develop a basic set of rules and a predetermined time limit to help adolescents adjust their habits and better adapt in between activities. 

Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Choices

Choosing the right college is an important decision for high school students to think about as they plan for their future. It’s not just about getting into a prestigious school or following in someone else’s footsteps. It’s about finding a college that suits your interests, goals, and personality. Think about what you love to study, the extracurricular activities you enjoy, and the kind of environment where you feel comfortable. Consider factors like location, size, and the available majors. Remember that there are many great colleges out there, and finding the one that’s the best fit for you will set you on a path to success and happiness in the years to come.

Which of the following is the main idea of the paragraph?

Choices

Choosing the right college is an important decision for high school students to think about as they plan for their future. It’s not just about getting into a prestigious school or following in someone else’s footsteps. It’s about finding a college that suits your interests, goals, and personality. Think about what you love to study, the extracurricular activities you enjoy, and the kind of environment where you feel comfortable. Consider factors like location, size, and the available majors. Remember that there are many great colleges out there, and finding the one that’s the best fit for you will set you on a path to success and happiness in the years to come.

Which of the following is the author’s purpose of the paragraph?

The Forest 

Maria stepped into the dense forest, her heart racing with excitement. She had always been an adventurous soul, and today was no exception. The wilderness around her was filled with intriguing mysteries waiting to be discovered. As she followed a narrow trail deeper into the woods, she noticed peculiar footprints in the dirt, unlike any she had seen before. This drew her in further.  The forest was teeming with life, and she felt like a detective on a thrilling expedition to uncover its secrets. With each step she took, the enigma of the forest grew, and Maria couldn’t wait to solve it.

What is the definition of “enigma” as used in the paragraph?

The Forest 

Maria stepped into the dense forest, her heart racing with excitement. She had always been an adventurous soul, and today was no exception. The wilderness around her was filled with intriguing mysteries waiting to be discovered. As she followed a narrow trail deeper into the woods, she noticed peculiar footprints in the dirt, unlike any she had seen before. This drew her in further.  The forest was teeming with life, and she felt like a detective on a thrilling expedition to uncover its secrets. With each step she took, the enigma of the forest grew, and Maria couldn’t wait to solve it.

Which of the following details supports the idea that Maria is curious?

Health and Vapes

Vaping involves inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an electronic device, like an e-cigarette, that typically contains nicotine and other chemicals. It has become a concern because it can be harmful to people’s health. The aerosol from vaping devices can contain harmful substances, including nicotine, which is highly addictive and can harm the developing brains of young people. Vaping has been linked to a variety of health problems, including lung issues, heart problems, and even addiction. Many schools and health organizations are working to educate students about the risks of vaping and to discourage its use among young people. It’s important for middle school students to be aware of these risks and make informed choices about their health.

Which of the following is an opinion about the paragraph?

Health and Vapes

Vaping involves inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an electronic device, like an e-cigarette, that typically contains nicotine and other chemicals. It has become a concern because it can be harmful to people’s health. The aerosol from vaping devices can contain harmful substances, including nicotine, which is highly addictive and can harm the developing brains of young people. Vaping has been linked to a variety of health problems, including lung issues, heart problems, and even addiction. Many schools and health organizations are working to educate students about the risks of vaping and to discourage its use among young people. It’s important for middle school students to be aware of these risks and make informed choices about their health.

What inference can be made about middle school students?

Coffee Vs. Tea

Coffee and tea are two popular beverages, and they have some key differences. One major difference is the caffeine content. Coffee generally contains more caffeine than tea, which means it can provide a stronger energy boost. Coffee often has a bold and robust flavor, while tea offers a more delicate and varied range of flavors, such as herbal, fruity, or floral. Additionally, the way they’re prepared varies; coffee is made by brewing ground coffee beans, while tea is made by steeping tea leaves in hot water. People often enjoy coffee for its bold taste and the quick energy it provides, while tea is appreciated for its soothing and calming properties, along with a wide variety of flavors and potential health benefits. Both beverages have their unique characteristics, making them suitable for different tastes and occasions.

Which of the following is the best summary of the paragraph? 

Coffee Vs. Tea

Coffee and tea are two popular beverages, and they have some key differences. One major difference is the caffeine content. Coffee generally contains more caffeine than tea, which means it can provide a stronger energy boost. Coffee often has a bold and robust flavor, while tea offers a more delicate and varied range of flavors, such as herbal, fruity, or floral. Additionally, the way they’re prepared varies; coffee is made by brewing ground coffee beans, while tea is made by steeping tea leaves in hot water. People often enjoy coffee for its bold taste and the quick energy it provides, while tea is appreciated for its soothing and calming properties, along with a wide variety of flavors and potential health benefits. Both beverages have their unique characteristics, making them suitable for different tastes and occasions.

Which of the following is a logical inference about the paragraph?